| APRIL 2 - BIRTHS | |
| Paul Joseph Cohen | |
(source) |
 Born 2
Apr 1934
American mathematician who received the Fields Medal (1966) for his fundamental work on the foundations of set theory. Cohen invented a technique called "forcing" to prove the independence in set theory of the axiom of choice and of the generalised continuum hypothesis. The continuum hypothesis problem was the first of Hilbert's famous 23 problems delivered to the Second International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. Hilbert's famous speech The Problems of Mathematics challenged (then and now) mathematicians to solve these fundamental questions and Cohen has the distinction of solving Problem 1. He also worked on differential equations and harmonic analysis.«  Set
Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis, by Paul J. Cohen. |
| Jacques Francis Albert Pierre Miller | |
1966 (source) |
Born 2
Apr 1931
French-Australian physician who, in 1962, demonstrated the importance of the thymus gland in organizing the immunity of animals. land is prominent in young animals, but withers away in adults. If the thymus gland is removed at a sufficiently early stage, a young animal is unable to develop antibody resistance to foreign moelcules. Thus, the thymus, located high in the chest, is essential for the immune response. This is because the thymus makes T lymphocytes or T cells (T = thymus) from the stem cells which migrate into the organ from bone marrow. The thymus could be regarded as the university of the immune system - it is here that the T cells learn to recognise foreign antigens and to ignore the myriad "self" antigens present in the body's own tissues. |
| Dennis Robert Hoagland | |
(source) |
Born 2
Apr 1884; died 5 Sep 1949.
American plant physiologist and authority on plant and soil interactions. He recognized early that the complex problems of soil and plant interrelations must be studied with rigid experimental control and the isolation of individual variables. Thus, he perfected the water-culture technique for growing plants without soil, which nutrient solution is still in plant physiology research. He collected much data on the influence of oxygen, temperature, light, and other factors on ion absorption by roots. In the late 1930's, he adopted radioactive isotopes as tracers. In his fieldwork on soil chemistry he studied zinc, potassium, and phosphate deficiencies of fruit trees in California. He influenced further intensive study of aspects of micronutrients (trace elements). Dennis
Robert Hoagland, by D. I Arnon. |
| Paul Radin | |
(source) |
Born 2
Apr 1883; died 21 Feb 1959.
U.S. anthropologist who was influential in advancing a historical model of primitive society based on a synthesis of economic and social structure, religion, philosophy, and psychology. He pioneered in such important fields of anthropology as culture- personality studies and the use of autobiographical documents. An accomplished linguist, he described a number of North American languages and advanced a classification scheme emphasizing their unity. He was particularly interested in the individuals within cultures. He secured, translated, and edited the first American Indian autobiography, Crashing Thunder: The Autobiography of an American Indian (1926), which is considered a landmark in anthropology. |
| Walter Chrysler | |
(source) |
Born 2
Apr 1875; died 18 Aug 1940
Walter P(ercy) Chrysler was an American industrialist and inventor who founded his own company, Chrysler Motors. He began as a teenager in the railroad industry and rose to management positions. Then, in 1912, Charles W. Nash recruited him as works manager for the Buick division of General Motors. Chrysler reorganized production for efficiency, increasing output and profits, but resigned in 1920. He rescued Willys-Overland automobile company from bankruptcy and then turned Maxwell Motor Company into the Chrysler Corporation (1924) which produced Chrysler's first car in Jun 1925. The company grew to become the third of the present "Big Three" automobile manufacturers.« Chrysler,
by Vincent Curcio. |
| Erastus Brigham Bigelow | |
(source) |
Born 2
Apr 1814; died 6 Dec 1879
American industrialist, noted as the developer of the power loom for making lace and many types of carpet. At the age of 23 he invented his first loom for making coach lace (20 Apr 1837). Bigelow followed this with other power looms for weaving a variety of figured fabrics, tapestry carpeting, and ingrain carpeting. He obtained a patent for a power carpet loom on 26 May 1842. On 10 April 1845, he recieved the first U.S. patent for gingham manufacturing machinery. In 1861, he was a member of the committee that founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).   |
| Francesco Maria Grimaldi | |
(source) |
Born 2
Apr 1618; died 28 Dec 1663.
Italian mathematician and physicist who studied the diffraction of light. He observed the image on a screen in a darkened room of a tiny beam of sunlight after it passed pass through a fine screen (or a slit, edge of a screen, wire, hair, fabric or bird feather). The image had iridescent fringes, and deviated from a normal geometrical shadow. He coined the name diffraction for this change of trajectory of the light passing near opaque objects (though, more specifically, it may have been interferences with two close sources that he observed). This provided evidence for later physicists to support the wave theory of light. With Riccioli, he investigated the object in free fall (1640-50), and found that distance of fall was proportional to the square of the time taken.« |
| APRIL 2 - DEATHS | |
| Alfvén, Hannes | |
(source) |
 Died
2 Apr 1995 (born 30 May 1908)
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén was a Swedish astrophysicist, one of the founders of the field of plasma physics (the study of ionized gases) and winner, with Louis Néel of France, of the 1970 Nobel Prize for Physics "for fundamental work in magnetohydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics." He was an early supporter of "plasma cosmology," a concept that challenges the big-bang model of the origin of the universe. Those who support the theory of plasma cosmology hold that the universe had no beginning (and has no forseeable end) and that plasma, with its electric and magnetic forces, has done more to organize matter in the universe into star systems and other large observed structures than has the force of gravity. |
| Bernard Lyot | |
(source) |
Died
2 Apr 1952 (born 27 Feb 1897)
Bernard(-Ferdinand) Lyot was a French astronomer who invented the coronagraph (1930), an instrument which allows the observation of the solar corona when the Sun is not in eclipse. Earlier, using his expertise in optics, Lyot made a very sensitive polariscope to study polarization of light reflected from planets. Observing from the Pic du Midi Observatory, he determined that the lunar surface behaves like volcanic dust, that Mars has sandstorms, and other results on the atmospheres of the other planets. Modifications to his polarimeter created the coronagraph, with which he photographed the Sun's corona and its analyzed its spectrum. He found new spectral lines in the corona, and he made (1939) the first motion pictures of solar prominences.« |
| Theodore William Richards | |
(source) |
Died
2 Apr 1928 (born 31 Jan 1868)
American analytical chemist who was awarded the 1914 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements." His work meticulously refined the classical gravimetric methods of analysis to better reduce the sources of error. His work, and that of coworkers yielded accurate values for atomic weight for over 60 elements. In 1913, he found that the atomic weight of ordinary lead differed from lead produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thus concurred with Soddy's prediction of isotopes. Richard's values were not improved until mass spectrometry became available after WW II. He also carried out work in thermochemistry and electrochemistry.« |
| Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming | |
(source) |
Died
2 Apr 1924 (born 3 Nov 1841)
Danish botanist whose is regarded as a founder of plant ecology for demonstrating how interactions between plants, animals and other organisms in a habitat form a community shaped by environmental conditions, such as a meadow ecosystem. Although the term ecology was previously coined by Haeckel in 1866, Warming provided a theoretical basis for research in this new discipline within botany. Warming studied what he called environmental factors, including soil, light, temperature and rainfall. His expedition to Brazil (1863-66) yielded a thorough study of the tropical flora. His other travels included Greenland (1884), Norway (1885), the West Indies and Venezuela (1890-92) to study the full range from artic to temperate to tropical habitats.« |
| Hermann Rorschach | |
(source) |
Died 2 Apr 1922 (born 8 Nov 1884)
Swiss psychiatrist who devised the inkblot test that bears his name and that is widely used clinically for diagnosing psychopathology. His secondary-school nickname was Kleck, meaning "inkblot," because of his interest in sketching. In 1917, he learned of Szyman Hens, who had studied the fantasies of his subjects using inkblot cards. Rorschach began in 1918 using 15 accidental inkblots, asking patients, "What might this be?" He knew the human tendency to project interpretations and feelings onto ambiguous stimuli. The subjective responses of his subjects enabled him to distinguish among them on the basis of their perceptive abilities, intelligence, and emotional characteristics. His published results (1921) drew little interest until after his death. Psychodiagnostics,
by Hermann Rorschach. |
| Samuel F. B. Morse | |
(source) |
Died
2 Apr 1872 (born 27 Apr 1791)
Samuel F(inley) B(reese) Morse was an American painter and inventor who is famous for developing the Morse Code (1838) and independently perfecting an electric telegraph (1832-35). He spent the first part of his life as a portrait artist, and did not turn to science until 1832, when he was past his 40th birthday. He was returning to America from a tour of Europe, when he met Charles T. Jackson on the boat, who inspired him about newly discovered electromagnets. From that point, Morse worked to develop apparatus for electrical communications. Backed by Congress, he erected a line spanning 40 miles between Baltimore, Maryland and Washington D.C. which had its first trial on 23 May 1843. It was ready for public use on 1 Apr 1845.«
Lightning
Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, by Kenneth
Silverman. |
| Johann Jakob Dillenius | |
(source) |
Died
2 Apr 1747 (born 1687)
German-born English botanist who wrote several descriptive works on plants, with a primary interest in crytogams. In 1721, having been offered work as a botanist with William Sherard, he moved to England, and eventually became Sherardian professor of botany at Oxford University. He described and illustrated plants in the Eltham garden of James Sherard in Kent. A new classification of lower plants he introduced (Historia muscorum, 1741) is still partially in use today.« |
| James Douglas | |
(source) |
Died
2 Apr 1742 (born 1675)
Scottish physician and anatomist who was a distinguished obstetrician. Several medical terms still in current use resulted from his associated anatomical investigations, including Douglas' pouch, abscess, cul-de-sac, fold, line and Douglasitis. He advertised public lectures in which he gave demonstrations dissecting human cadavers and dead animals. Douglas was a Fellow of the Royal Society (1706) and Physician Extraordinary to Queen Caroline. In 1726, he assisted Sir Richard Manningham in exposing the fraud of Mary Toft who claimed to give birth to rabbits. In 1740, Douglas met William Hunter (1718–1783), made him an assistant and mentored him in his household. Hunter subsequently also became a distinguished anatomist and surgeon.« [Image: a miscellaneous skeletal study from the collection of James Douglas papers] James
Douglas of the pouch and his pupil William Hunter, by
K. Bryn Thomas. |
| APRIL 2 - EVENTS | |
| Velcro | |
(source) |
In 1978, Velcro,
the hook-and-loop fastener, was released. It was developed by Swiss engineer
Georges de Mestral, who noticed how thistle burrs clung to his clothing
during a hike in the mountains. Using a microscope, he discovered their
natural hook-like shape. From 1948, he worked with a local weaver from
a textile plant to design a "locking tape". The important discovery
was accidental - that nylon, when sewn under ultraviolet light, formed
industructable hooks. Velcro uses two tapes, one with stiff "hooks" like
the burrs which clings to the second tape with soft "loops" like the fabric
of his pants. The trademarked name Velcro comes from "vel" or velvet and
"cro" from the French word crochet which means hook.« |
| DNA double helix | |
(source) |
In 1953, the journal Nature published a paper
with this date from Francis Crick and James Watson, titled Molecular
Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,
in which they described a double helix structure for DNA. The diagram published
with the caper was captioned, "The figure is purely diagrammatic. The two
ribbons symbolize the phosphate-sugar chains, and the horizontal rods the
pairs of bases holding the chains together. The vertical line marks the
fibre axis." [Image:
diagram as published in Nature paper.] |
| Radar | |
(source) |
In 1935, Scottish physicist,
Sir Robert Watson-Watt was granted a
patent for the RADAR (RAdio Detection
And
Ranging).
He became head of the radio section of the National Physical Laboratory
(1935), where his work on locating aircraft was an outgrowth of his earlier
work on radio-wave detection of thunderstorms to benefit airmen. He realized
the principle could also be used to track enemy aircraft for air defense.
On 26 Feb 1935, he gave a demonstration
to Air Ministry officials showing the reflected signal when a RAF bomber
flew through the beam of a BBC short-wave transmitter. His work led to
the development of radar which played a vital role in the defence
of Britain against German air raids in 1940.« |
| Rotor ship | |
(source) |
In 1926, Baden-Baden, a rotor ship
invented by Anton Flettner left
Hamburg, Germany, to make a transatlantic crossing. It arrived
in New York on 29 May 1926 using a unique propulsion.
Instead of sails, Flettner used two 9-ft diameter, 50-ft high cylinders,
mounted vertically on the deck at the bow and the stern. Driven by 45-hp
electric motors, they applying the aerodynamic power
of the Magnus Effect which builds air pressure behind a rotating cylinder.
Although a theoretical success, it was not sufficiently effective for commercial
application. |
| Aluminium process | |
 |
In 1889, Charles M. Hall patented an
inexpensive electrolytic process
to extract aluminium from its ore (No. 400,655) which he had invented on
23
Feb 1886. Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's
crust, it is not found naturally in pure form, and thus it must be separated
from its surrounding ore. |
| First U.S. commercial gasoline engine | |
(USPTO) |
In 1872, George B. Brayton
of Boston, Mass. (3 Oct 1830 - 17 Dec 1892) received a U.S. patent for
a gas-powered engine (No. 125,166). He did pioneering
work inventing this first American commercial internal combustion engine,
which he manufactured and sold. Its principle
of continuous ignition later became the basis for the turbine
engine. A pressurized air-fuel mixture from a reservoir was ignited upon
entering a water-cooled cylinder. The Brayton engine was tried in watercraft,
one of John Holland's submarines
and one for a few months installed in a carriage (1872-3). He held British
patent Jul 1890, No. 11,062.«
Internal
Fire: The Internal-Combustion Engine 1673-1900, by C.
Lyle Cummins, Jr. |
| First photo of sun | |
(source) |
In 1845, the first surviving daguerrotype photograph showing details of
the sun was taken by French physicists Armand
Fizeau and Léon Foucault.
The 5-inch (12 cm) image had an exposure of 1/60 second, and showed the
umbra/penumbra structure of several sunspots, as well as limb darkening.
The photographic process was new: Daguerre perfected the daguerrotype only
a few years earlier, in 1838. Fizeau and Foucault had been collaborating
with their own experiments on the process since 1839. Fizeau had much improved
the durability of a daguerrotype image with a treatment, published
in Aug 1840, using a solution of chloride of gold mixed with hypo-sulphite
of soda, then heated over a spirit-lamp.« |
| Dixon's lead pencil | |
 |
In 1827, lead pencils were first manufactured by Joseph
Dixon, who built his factory in Salem, Mass. Dixon was responsible
for the development of the graphite industry in the U.S. In 1859 he patented
graphite crucibles. When he died, the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was
the largest manufacturer of graphite products in the world. The first*
pencil factory in the U.S. however, was started earlier by William Monroe
of Concord, Mass., in Jun 1812. His first 30 pencils were bought by Benjamin
Adams, a hardware dealer in Boston, Mass. The first pencils made in Great
Britain* (1584) used graphite
from Borrowdale, Cumberland.
 The
Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance. Henry Petroski |
