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Leonid Meteors
(12 Nov 1799)
On 12 Nov 1799, the first
known US written record of a meteor shower was recorded by
Andrew
Ellicott. On 12 Nov 1833, many observers clearly reported a
meteor shower that seemed to radiate from a spot in Leo and
that, as the constellation moved slowly westward during the night, the
radiant point moved with it (though this is simply an effect of
perspective). The recurrent phenomenon became known as the Leonid
Meteor Shower.
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“About two o'clock in the morning,
I was called up to see the shooting stars, (as it is vulgarly termed,)
the phenomenon was grand and awful, the whole heavens appeared as if
illuminated with skyrockets, flying in an infinity of directions, and I
was in constant expectation of some of them falling on the vessel. They
continued until put out by the light of the sun after day break. This
phenomenon extended over a large portion of the West India islands, and
was observed as far north as St. Mary's, where it appeared as brilliant
as with us.”
— Andrew Ellicott
reported in his shipboard
journal on 12 Nov 1799
“Meteor succeeded meteor in such
rapid succession that it was impossible to count them; at times the sky
seemed full of them, and the earth was illuminated as with a morning
light. ...Those who were so fortunate as to witness the scene describe
it as brilliant beyond conception.”
— Boston Transcript
Boston, Massachusetts,
13 Nov 1833
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“A more magnificent and splendid
spectacle was never presented.”
— Alexandria Gazette
Alexandria, Virginia,
14 Nov 1833
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“Forcible we were reminded of that
remarkable passage in Revelations which speaks of the great red dragon
... drawing the third part of the stars of heaven and casting them
[down] to the earth ... That figure appeared to be fully painted on the
broad canopy of the sky - spread over with sheets of light and thick
with streams of rolling fire. There was scarcely a place in the
firmament which was not filled at every instant with these falling
stars. ... The most perfect master of language would fail of conveying
to others a full picture of this extraordinary and uncommon
appearance...”
— Salt River Journal
Bowling Green, Missouri,
20 Nov 1833
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“The most grand and brilliant
celestial phenomenon ever beheld and recorded by man.”
— Richard Devens
(1876)
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“It seemed to rain fire..”
Baltimore, Maryland
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“For those who were up before dawn
yesterday witnesses a most glorious sight - one glance at which which
'were worth ten years of common life.'”
Charleston, South Carolina
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“From 3 to 5 o'clock the scene was
truly magnificent - thousands upon thousands [of meteors] were darting
about in all directions without an instant's cessation. It was so light
that upon first awaking many thought that the city was on fire.”
Natchez, Missouri
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“The celestial exhibition of
yesterday morning is noticed in the Philadelphia papers, but it is
evident, but it is evident from their accounts that it fell far short
in both the number of meteors and the brilliancy of their light of the
splendors visible in our city. A correspondent of the [Philadelphia]
National Gazette estimates their number at two thousand one hundred and
sixty in the compass of two hours and a half. More than that number
were visible here within every ten minutes of that period, and it was
as difficult to count them as the number of raindrops.”
New York
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“The negroes [in] the South who saw
the phenomenon describe it as 'snowing fire': they generally thought
the Judgment day had come.”
Hartford, Connecticut
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“I was suddenly awakened by the
most distressing cries that ever fell on my ears. Shrieks of horror and
cries for mercy I could hear from most of the negroes of three
plantations, amounting in all to about six or eight hundred. While
earnestly listening for the cause, I heard a faint voice near the door
calling my name. I arose and, taking my sword, stood at the door. At
this moment, I heard the same voice still beseeching me to rise, and
saying 'O my God, the world is on fire.' I then opened the door and it
is difficult to say which excited me the most - the awfulness of the
scene of the distressed cries of the negroes. Upwards of one hundred
lay prostrate on the ground - some speechless and some with the
bitterest cries, but most with their hands raised, imploring God to
save the world and them. The scene was truly awful; for never did rain
fall much thicker than the meteors fell towards the earth; east, west,
north, and south, it was the same.”
Combahee, South Carolina
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“...to use the striking expression
of an untaught son of Africa, 'like it was snowing stars.' ... The
scene was truly awful and indescribably sublime; .. it carried at the
bosoms of many terror and consternation. Some imagined the world was
coming to an end and began to pray; and a gentleman from the country
states that such was the alarm produced in the neighborhood where he
was [that] the welkin everywhere around him resounded with cries of
distress.”
Raleigh, North Carolina
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
“They all appeared to move outward
from a common centre, at or neat the zenith. At times, they completely
filled the whole heavens with beautiful brilliant streams of
light, extending to the horizon. I do not mean that all the trains
actually extended from the zenith to the horizon, but that the lines of
light were so directed
that if extended backwards, they would all converge to a point in the
zenith. Their appearance was often so incessant that all the stars of
the firmament seemed to be darting from their places. Many persons
thought a shower of fire was falling...”
— Reverend Hector
Humphreys
Annapolis Republican
Annapolis, Maryland
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann
Annapolis, Maryland
as quoted in The Heavens on Fire, by Mark Littmann