TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY ®  •  TODAYINSCI ®
Celebrating 24 Years on the Web
Find science on or your birthday

Today in Science History - Quickie Quiz
Who said: “Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind.”
more quiz questions >>
MAY 23 – BIRTHS – Scientists born on May 23rd
  Keith Campbell
 Born 23 May 1954.
British embryologist who was the key member of a team of scientists at Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland that produced the first mammal clone, a lamb called Dolly, by nuclear transfer from an adult's cell. The reproduced DNA material came from a donor sheep's udder cell. Dolly's birth, on 5 Jul 1996, was announced on 23 Feb 1997. The team was supervised by Ian Wilmut
  Robert Moog
 Born 23 May 1934; died 21 Aug 2005 at age 71.
Robert Arthur Moog was an American engineer and inventor who advanced electronic music with his Moog synthesizer. His passion for building electronic circuits began in his youth, and at age 14 he had built a theremin. While a post-graduate, Moog developed his first analog electronic synthesizer, complete with control dials to create a wide spectrum of modifications of sound waveforms generated from electronic oscillator circuits. By the 1960s, he had a portable model, the Minimoog, which provided many rock groups with distinctive sounds. In 1968 Walter (later Wendy) Carlos won a Grammy for Switched on Bach, with all instrument tracks played entirely on a Moog synthesizer.«
  Joshua Lederberg
 Born 23 May 1925.
American geneticist, pioneer in the field of bacterial genetics, who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (with George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum) for discovering the mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria.
  Edward Lorenz
 Born 23 May 1917; died 16 Apr 2008 at age 90.   quotes
American mathematician and meteorologist known for pointing out the “butterfly effect” whereby chaos theory predicts that “slightly differing initial states can evolve into considerably different states.” In his 1963 paper in the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, he cited the flapping of a seagull’s wings as changing the state of the atmosphere in even such a trivial way can result in huge changes in outcome in weather patterns. Thus very long range weather forecasting becomes almost impossible. He determined this unexpected result in 1961 while running a computer weather simulation that gave wildly different results from even tiny changes in the input data.«
Chaos: Making a New Science, by James Gleick. - book suggestion.
  Clyde E. Wiegand
 Born 23 May 1915; died 5 Jul 1996 at age 81.
American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project (which produced the atomic bomb during WW II). In the 1950's, he was part of a team that discovered the antiproton, using the bevatron particle accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Although two other members of the research team (Owen Chamberlain and Emilio Segrè) won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, Wiegand's crucial contribution was not so recognized.
  William R. Bascom
 Born 23 May 1912; died 11 Sep 1981 at age 69.
American anthropologist who served as chairman (1956-57) of the anthropology department and acting director of African studies (1953, 1957) at Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.
  John Bardeen
 Born 23 May 1908; died 30 Jan 1991 at age 82.   quotes
American physicist who was cowinner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in both 1956 and 1972. He shared the 1956 prize with William B. Shockley and Walter H. Brattain for their joint invention of the transistor. With Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer he was awarded the 1972 prize for development of the theory of superconductors, usually called the BCS-theory (after the initials of their names).
True Genius: The Life And Science Of John Bardeen, by Lillian Hoddeson. - book suggestion.
  David George Hogarth
 Born 23 May 1862; died 6 Nov 1927 at age 65.   quotes
English archaeologist who explored and excavated (1887–1907) in Cyprus, Crete, Egypt, Syria, and Melos. From 1908 until his death in 1927, he was Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. When Hogarth reopened the British Museum's excavation at Carchemish in northern Syria, he arranged for T. E. Lawrence to join the expedition. Later, Lawrence supported the Ashmolean as a buyer of antiquities in Syria. During WW I, Hogarth prepared reference works on the Middle East for the Geographical Section of Naval Intelligence, and also spent some time organizing the Arab Bureau in Cairo. After the war Hogarth and Lawrence were both involved in official deliberations about the political settlement of the Middle East.«
Philip and Alexander of Macedon: Two Essays in biography, by David George Hogarth. - book suggestion.
  Otto Lilienthal
Thumbnail -
 Born 23 May 1848; died 10 Aug 1896 at age 48.   quotes
German aeronautical engineer and inventor whose pioneering studies formed a foundation for Octave Chanute and the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright. His prior inventions, such as a small steam engine that worked on a system of tubular boilers designed for safety, brought him financial success. In 1891, he built and flew in the Derwitzer Glider. Within the next five years (before he died in a crash), assisted by his brother, Gustav, he designed other gliders and made 2000 flights. He carefully studied the aerodynamics of rigid wings, inspired by the gliding flight of storks made without flapping their wings. Although his aircraft achieved only low speed and altitudes, and he had survived other crashes, he broke his spine and died the day following a crash, falling from about 56-feet.«[Image (right): 1986 biplane design of the type he used on his last flight. He crashed when the upper wing fractured]   more
Birdflight As The Basis Of Aviation, by Otto Lilienthal. - book suggestion.
  James B. Eads
 Born 23 May 1820; died 8 Mar 1887 at age 66.
James Buchanan Eads was an American engineer who built the two-tier triple-arch steel bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri. At the age of 22, he invented a boat and diving bell which enabled walking on the river bottom. In 12 years' time he made a fortune with his salvage boat operation. During the Civil War, he built ironclad warships. After the war, he built the Mississippi River bridge, the first major bridge to use steel and cantilevered construction, which was opened 4 Jul 1874. Each roughly 500-ft span rested on piers built on bedrock about 100 feet beneath the river bottom. He created a year-round navigation channel for New Orleans scoured out with a system of jetties harnessing the river's water flow (1879).«
James B. Eads, by Louis How. - book suggestion.
  Paul Moody
 Born 23 May 1779; died 7 Jul 1831 at age 52.
American inventor and mechanic of textile machinery, who collaborated with Francis Cabot Lowell, the principal founder of a the Boston Manufacturing Company textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts. Moody oversaw the factory operations, but also worked with Lowell to develop an efficient power loom, the first constructed in the U.S. (1814), the “dead spindle” spinning apparatus, and other innovations. In 1823, he became an investor and began working at the newly founded Merrimack Company in Lowell, Massacusetts to manufacture calico. By contributing a substantial number of patented improvements in textile machinery, he was important in the development of the textile industry in New England.«
  Franz Anton Mesmer
 Born 23 May 1734; died 5 Mar 1815 at age 80.
Franz Friedrich Anton Mesmer was a German physician whose system of therapeutics, known as mesmerism, was the forerunner of the modern practice of hypnotism. He spent his career offering this controversial therapy to wealthy aristocratic clients in several European capitals.
The Wizard from Vienna: Franz Anton Mesmer, by Vincent Buranelli. - book suggestion.
  William Hunter
 Born 23 May 1718; died 30 Mar 1783 at age 64.   quotes
British obstetrician, educator, and medical writer whose high standards of teaching and medical practice took obstetrics from the hands of the midwives and established it as an accepted branch of medicine. He built up a distinguished clientèle (including members of the Royal Family) and made a collection of anatomical and pathological specimens related to his medical work. Hunter began public lectures on anatomy in 1746 and became a member of the corporation of surgeons in 1746. With the lack of training spaces in hospitals, the demand for private anatomy schools increased rapidly. He became one of the most successful anatomy teachers of his time. Hunter was still teaching anatomy in his Great Windmill Street Institute until his death.
  Carolus Linnaeus
 Born 23 May 1707; died 10 Jan 1778 at age 70.   quotes
Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus, a.k.a.Carl von Linné was a Swedish botanist and explorer who was the first to establish a precise biological classification, with a uniform system for naming organisms by genera and species of organisms (binomial nomenclature). Thus he can be called the “father of modern taxonomy.” He associated whales as mammals, but did not group man with the apes. Later, others improved his scheme by adopting more natural, developmental distinctions between species. He travelled widely to build his collection of plant specimens. He recognised balance and competition in nature relating to insects, animals and plants. After being made a Swedish noble (1761), he took the name Carl von Linné.   more
  Jakob Christof Le Blon
 Baptized 23 May 1667; died 16 May 1741 at age 73.
German-French inventor who invented the modern system of four-colour printing. Influenced by Newton's work on the light spectrum, after many printing trials, Le Blon in 1710 proposed that three primary colours - cyan, magenta and yellow (blue, red, yellow) and black - are sufficient for mixing in varying proportions to produce all other colours. He used this process to print engravings that mimic the full colour of paintings by superimposing mezzotint plates in each primary colour. For each hand-engraved plate, the individual contribution of each colour estimated. In 1719, George I granted him a priviledge of a monopoly for the reproduction of pictures and drawings in full colour. Nevertheless, by 1725, his company failed.«[Also spelled Jacob Christoph Le Blon; in French as French Jacques-Christophe Le Blond.]


Nature bears long with those who wrong her. She is patient under abuse. But when abuse has gone too far, when the time of reckoning finally comes, she is equally slow to be appeased and to turn away her wrath. (1882) -- Nathaniel Egleston, who was writing then about deforestation, but speaks equally well about the danger of climate change today.
Carl Sagan Thumbnail Carl Sagan: In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again. They really do it. It doesn't happen as often as it should, because scientists are human and change is sometimes painful. But it happens every day. I cannot recall the last time something like that happened in politics or religion. (1987) ...(more by Sagan)

Albert Einstein: I used to wonder how it comes about that the electron is negative. Negative-positive—these are perfectly symmetric in physics. There is no reason whatever to prefer one to the other. Then why is the electron negative? I thought about this for a long time and at last all I could think was “It won the fight!” ...(more by Einstein)

Richard Feynman: It is the facts that matter, not the proofs. Physics can progress without the proofs, but we can't go on without the facts ... if the facts are right, then the proofs are a matter of playing around with the algebra correctly. ...(more by Feynman)
Quotations by:Albert EinsteinIsaac NewtonLord KelvinCharles DarwinSrinivasa RamanujanCarl SaganFlorence NightingaleThomas EdisonAristotleMarie CurieBenjamin FranklinWinston ChurchillGalileo GalileiSigmund FreudRobert BunsenLouis PasteurTheodore RooseveltAbraham LincolnRonald ReaganLeonardo DaVinciMichio KakuKarl PopperJohann GoetheRobert OppenheimerCharles Kettering  ... (more people)

Quotations about:Atomic  BombBiologyChemistryDeforestationEngineeringAnatomyAstronomyBacteriaBiochemistryBotanyConservationDinosaurEnvironmentFractalGeneticsGeologyHistory of ScienceInventionJupiterKnowledgeLoveMathematicsMeasurementMedicineNatural ResourceOrganic ChemistryPhysicsPhysicianQuantum TheoryResearchScience and ArtTeacherTechnologyUniverseVolcanoVirusWind PowerWomen ScientistsX-RaysYouthZoology  ... (more topics)
MAY 23 – DEATHS – Scientists died on May 23rd
  W. Lloyd Warner
 Died 23 May 1970 at age 71 (born 26 Oct 1898).
W(illiam) Lloyd Warner was an American sociologist and anthropologist who is remembered for authoring studies of social class structure. He pioneered in applying anthropology research methods in the field of the contemporary urban social community. In his Yankee City (5 vols.), he merged an ethnographic perspective gained from fieldwork among Australian aborigines with information gathered from formal interviews for his social study of a New England city, Yankee City. He was the first sociologist to use a six-fold classification. In studying the old town, Warner recognised three distinct groups - upper, middle and lower classes - each sub-divided into upper and lower sections. The topmost, or upper-upper class, was composed of the wealthy old families; the lower-lower class represented the poorest.«
Yankee City, by W. Lloyd Warner (ed.). - book suggestion.
  Georges Claude
Thumbnail - Georges Claude
 Died 23 May 1960 at age 89 (born 24 Sep 1870).
French chemist, engineer and inventor who invented the neon light, which was the forerunner of the fluorescent light. Claude was the first to apply an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of neon gas, around 1902 and make a neon lamp (“Neon” from Greek neos, meaning “new gas.”) He first publicly displayed the neon lamp on 11 Dec 1910 in Paris. His French company Claude Neon, introduced neon signs to the U.S. with two “Packard” signs for a Packard car dealership in Los Angeles, purchased by Earle C. Anthony for $24,000.
  William Webster Hansen
 Died 23 May 1949 at age 39 (born 27 May 1909).
American physicist who contributed to the development of radar and is regarded as the founder of microwave technology. He developed the klystron, a vacuum tube essential to radar technology (1937). Based on amplitude modulation of an electron beam, rather than on resonant circuits of coils and condensers, it permits the generation of powerful and stable high-frequency oscillations. It revolutionized high-energy physics and microwave research and led to airborne radar. The klystron also has been used in satellite communications, airplane and missile guidance systems, and telephone and television transmission. After WW II, working with three graduate students, Hansen demonstrated the first 4.5 MeV linear accelerator in 1947.
  Baron Herbert Austin
 Died 23 May 1941 at age 74 (born 8 Nov 1866).
English engineer, who founded the Austin Motor Company (1905), whose Austin Seven model greatly influenced British and European light-car design. In 1884, after completing his early education Herbert moved to Melbourne, Australia, and apprenticed in engineering at Langlands Foundry. He later became the manager of Wolseley Sheep Shearing Company. In 1893, he returned to the UK with this company in 1893 and soon became the production manager. From long journeys in the Australian outback he had insight into the need for petrol driven vehicles. In 1895, he produced the first Wolseley car (a three wheeler) and in 1900, his first Wolseley four wheel design. By 1914, the company was producing more then 1000 cars with 2000 employees.
  Pierre-Émile Martin
Thumbnail -
 Died 23 May 1915 at age 90 (born 18 Aug 1824).
French engineer who adapted the steelmaking process by using the open-hearth regenerative furnace invented by Charles William Siemens and Friedrich Siemens (1856), now known as the Siemens-Martin process. The Siemens' idea was to capture heat from exhaust gases in chambers flanking the furnace containing fire-bricks. When the flow is changed to preheat the input gases using recycled energy stored in the bricks, huge fuel savings result. Martin applied the process to steel production because it could produce the necessary high temperature to melt steel, with furnace capacity of 50-100 tons or more This process was adopted and almost universally worldwide to manufacture steel, until replaced by the basic oxygen process from the late 1940's.«[Image: left - Pierre Martin; right - vertical section of Siemens-Martin furnace]
  William H. Duncan
 Died 23 May 1863 at age 58 (born 27 Jan 1805).
William Henry Duncan was an English physician who was appointed as a Chief Medical Officer, the first such salaried official in Britain, on 1 Jan 1847 in Liverpool, England. He was born of Scottish parents, in Liverpool, received his M.D. in Edinburgh (1829), then returned to Liverpool where he began general practice. He realized the city had poor housing and sanitation conditions for the working people, which threatened the public health with diseases that could be prevented by reform. His 1843 pamphlet, The Physical Causes of the High Mortality Rate in Liverpool, identifed the issues that raised the city's mortality rate far above other towns. Duncan helped create the city's first Sanitary Act (1846) and pioneered in the Victorian public health movement. He used the power of the media to spread public health messages, by holding weekly press conferences to keep a focus on public health and to advocate improvements.«
Duncan of Liverpool, by W.M. Frazer. - book suggestion.
  Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy
 Died 23 May 1857 at age 67 (born 21 Aug 1789).   quotes
French mathematician who pioneered in analysis and the theory of substitution groups (groups whose elements are ordered sequences of a set of things). He was one of the greatest of modern mathematicians. His name is one of the 72 French scientists engraved on the Eiffel Tower.

Sitewide search within all Today In Science History pages:
Visit our Science and Scientist Quotations index for more Science Quotes from archaeologists, biologists, chemists, geologists, inventors and inventions, mathematicians, physicists, pioneers in medicine, science events and technology.

Names index: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

Categories index: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
MAY 23 – EVENTS – Science events on May 23rd
  Flesh-eating bug
  In 1994, British doctors explained a “deadly flesh-eating bug” outbreak in England, attributing the cluster of exceptionally intense infections to the common Streptococcus bacterium. Eleven people in Gloucestershire had died, and others had been injured by a toxin that dissolved flesh and fat which came from the bacteria's unusually virulent attack. This rare, but long-known, disease, necrotizing fasciitis, is fatal if not quickly diagnosed and treated with antibiotics and prompt removal of the infected tissues. The group A streptococci cause a wide variety of diseases, more than any other microorganism, and are most frequently associated with simple sore throats and fever. By 2001, scientists had sequenced the genome of  streptococci-A to further research in treatment and prevention.«.[Image: Sep 2008. A patient recovering after three operations to remove tissues infected by necrotizing fasciitis, followed by skin grafting.]
  Arm replantation
  In 1962, a 12-year-old boy's severed arm was reattached in the world's first successful replantation of a human limb with microvascular repair of vessels by a team of surgeons led by Drs. Ronald A. Malt and J. McKhann at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. The arm had been severed three inches below the shoulder by the wheels of a train. Good functional recovery of nerves is generally better in children than in adults. After additional operations, he regained some useful functioning of the limb. A journal article in Nov 1969 gave in a case report that he recovered a powerful grip and strength in his biceps muscle. Though there was a little “clawing” of the fingers, his tactile recovery was good enough to identify coins and use his fingers in handling objects. He became employed as a garage mechanic
  Refrigeration patent
  In 1950, black American inventor F.M. Jones was issued a patent for a "System for Controlling Operation of Refrigeration Units" (No. 2,509,099).
The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity, by Patricia Carter Sluby. - book suggestion.
  Radio navigation
  In 1940, R.V. Jones, a scientist with air intelligence, tells the government that intersecting radio beams could guide Luftwaffe bombers to their targets.
  USS Squalus submarine sunk
  In 1939, the USS Squalus submarine test dive in the Atlantic Ocean ended in disaster when an important valve remained open and flooded the vessel. It settled, disabled, on the bottom at a depth of 243 feet, located not far off the coast from Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Of the crew, 26 men had drowned, but 33 remained alive sealed behind watertight doors in the forward compartment. The historic mission to bring the survivors to the surface lasted from 24 May to shortly after mindnight on 25 May. It marked the world's first rescue using a McCann Rescue Chamber. The large diving bell used had been specially designed for the purpose by Cdr Allan R. McCann, following earlier submarine rescue equipment development initiatives by Cdr Charles B. Momsen
  Patents
  In 1933, Gertrude Ederle and C. Kelsey were granted a patent for a "paddle-driven swimming device" (U.S. No. 1,911,129). On the same date, Max Wasserberg received a patent for a "beach and lawn chair" (U.S. No. 1,911,127).
  Plant patents
  In 1930, a new U.S. Plant Patent Act provided, for the first time, allowed patent protection for new and distinct varieties of asexually reproduced plants. This legislation resulted from the growing awareness that plant breeders had no financial incentive to enter plant breeding because they could not exercise control over their discoveries. In supporting this legislation, Thomas A. Edison testified: "This (bill) will, I feel sure, give us many Burbanks." He was referring to Luther Burbank who during a lifetime devoted to plant breeding developed more than 800 strains and varieties of plants. Burbank was issued 16 plant patents posthumously. Plant patent No. 10,000 was issued 12 Aug 1997 for a "Geranium plant named Lois."
  Edison patent
  In 1922, Thomas A. Edison was issued a patent for "Production of Thin Metal Sheets or Foils" (U.S. No. 1,417,464).
  Edison patent
  In 1916, Thomas A. Edison was finally issued three patents for his "Phonograph or Talking Machine." The original patent applications were made 7 Dec 1910, 17 Feb 1911, and 12 Aug 1912. (U.S. Nos. 1,184,332 ; -3 and -4).
  Edison patent
  In 1911, Thomas A. Edison was issued a patent for “Device for Feeding Pulverulent Material” (U.S. No. 993,294). Pulverulent refers to a consistency of fine powder.
  First U.S. airship disaster
  In 1908, the first airship disaster in the U.S. took place in Berkeley, Cal. A 450-foot long balloon collapsed and exploded, injuring 15 passengers and the inventor, John A. Morrell. The widest part of the cigar-shaped craft was 46 feet in diameter. It was fitted with six 200-h.p. gasoline engines. This was about 30 years before the better-known disaster of the Hindenburg, which ignited and burned on 6 May 1937, killing 36 people. Yet the death toll of the Hindenburg did not eclipse the death toll of 73 people in an earlier airship disaster on 4 Apr 1933, when the Akron crashed at sea during a storm.   more
  Edison patent
  In 1905, Thomas A. Edison was issued a patent for a “Process of Duplicating Phonographic Records” (U.S. 790351).
  Paris phone Rome
  In 1903, the European capital cities of Paris and Rome were linked by telephone for first time.
  Black American patent
  In 1871, a "Locomotive Smoke Stack" was patented by black American inventor L. Bell (No. 115,153).
Great Discoveries and Inventions by African-Americans, by David M. Foy. - book suggestion.
  Electromagnet first exhibited
  In 1825, the electromagnet in a practical form was first exhibited by its inventor, William Sturgeon, on the occasion of reading a paper, recorded in the Transactions of the Society of Arts for 1825 (Vol xliii, p.38). The publication showed pictures of his set of improved apparatus for electromagnetic experiments, including two electromagnets, one of horse-shoe shape and one a straight bar. The formed was bent from a rod about 1 foot (30 cm) long and one-half inch (1.3 cm) in diameter, varnished for insulation, then coiled with a single spiral of 18 turns of stout copper wire. In return for the Society's medal and premium, Sturgeon deposited the apparatus in the museum of the Society. Sadly, this was lost after the society's museum was dispersed.«
  Bifocal spectacles
Thumbnail - Bifocal spectacles
Franklin by Peale
(source)
  In 1785, a letter from Benjamin Franklin referred to his bifocal glasses. Writing from France to George Whatley, a friend, Franklin described his “double glasses” solution to needing two pairs of glasses of different focussing power to see objects far or near He wrote, “I had the glasses cut and half of each kind associated in the same circle. ... I have only to move my eyes up and down as I want to see far or near, the proper glasses always being ready.” The wording the letter leaves it uncertain has long before Franklin had referrred to. Some historians have pointed to evidence of others making split-lens spectacles. So, it remains likely, but not definite, that Franklin actually invented the bifocal glasses, and it may have been in the early 1760s. He was certainly well-known for wearing and popularizing them.«[Image right: Franklin's sketch in the letter of split lenses, labelled (upper) “Least convex for distant objects” and (lower) “Most convex for reading.”]
Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, by Walter Isaacson. - book suggestion.

Thank you for sharing.
- 100 -
Sophie Germain
Gertrude Elion
Ernest Rutherford
James Chadwick
Marcel Proust
William Harvey
Johann Goethe
John Keynes
Carl Gauss
Paul Feyerabend
- 90 -
Antoine Lavoisier
Lise Meitner
Charles Babbage
Ibn Khaldun
Euclid
Ralph Emerson
Robert Bunsen
Frederick Banting
Andre Ampere
Winston Churchill
- 80 -
John Locke
Bronislaw Malinowski
Bible
Thomas Huxley
Alessandro Volta
Erwin Schrodinger
Wilhelm Roentgen
Louis Pasteur
Bertrand Russell
Jean Lamarck
- 70 -
Samuel Morse
John Wheeler
Nicolaus Copernicus
Robert Fulton
Pierre Laplace
Humphry Davy
Thomas Edison
Lord Kelvin
Theodore Roosevelt
Carolus Linnaeus
- 60 -
Francis Galton
Linus Pauling
Immanuel Kant
Martin Fischer
Robert Boyle
Karl Popper
Paul Dirac
Avicenna
James Watson
William Shakespeare
- 50 -
Stephen Hawking
Niels Bohr
Nikola Tesla
Rachel Carson
Max Planck
Henry Adams
Richard Dawkins
Werner Heisenberg
Alfred Wegener
John Dalton
- 40 -
Pierre Fermat
Edward Wilson
Johannes Kepler
Gustave Eiffel
Giordano Bruno
JJ Thomson
Thomas Kuhn
Leonardo DaVinci
Archimedes
David Hume
- 30 -
Andreas Vesalius
Rudolf Virchow
Richard Feynman
James Hutton
Alexander Fleming
Emile Durkheim
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Oppenheimer
Robert Hooke
Charles Kettering
- 20 -
Carl Sagan
James Maxwell
Marie Curie
Rene Descartes
Francis Crick
Hippocrates
Michael Faraday
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Francis Bacon
Galileo Galilei
- 10 -
Aristotle
John Watson
Rosalind Franklin
Michio Kaku
Isaac Asimov
Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud
Albert Einstein
Florence Nightingale
Isaac Newton


by Ian Ellis
who invites your feedback
Thank you for sharing.
Today in Science History
Sign up for Newsletter
with quiz, quotes and more.