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Today in Science History - Quickie Quiz
Who said: “As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.”
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OCTOBER 9 – BIRTHS – Scientists born on October 9th
  Sir Peter Mansfield
 Born 9 Oct 1933.
English physicist who at age 70 shared (with Paul Lauterbur) the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging.” His work led to the development of the MRI scanner, which provides a powerful diagnostic tool. When testing the new device, he was the first live subject to undergo an MRI scan. Since then, it is estimated that in hospitals worldwide, over 60 million scans are made each year to image the brain and other organs. In an MRI machine, the patient is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected to radio waves. Nuclei of atoms in the tissues absorb the radio waves, and the signals re-emitted are detected. The signal from the hydrogen nuclei in water enable the imaging of blood vessels, muscles, and other organs by their water content. Diseased tissue having a different water content can be distinguished, for example in tumours and brain abnormalities.«
  Max von Laue
 Born 9 Oct 1879; died 23 Apr 1960 at age 80.   quotes
German physicist who was a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals. This enabled scientists to study the structure of crystals and hence marked the origin of solid-state physics, an important field in the development of modern electronics.
  Karl Schwarzschild
 Born 9 Oct 1873; died 11 May 1916 at age 42.
German theoretical astrophysicist who made both practical and theoretical contributions to 20th-century astronomy. He developed the use of photography for measuring variable stars. He also investigated the geometrical aberrations of optical systems using ray optics by introducing a perturbation equation which he called the Seidel Eikonal. While on the Russian front during military service, he computed the first two exact solutions of the Einstein Field Equations of General Relativity, one in static isotropic empty space surrounding a massive body (such as a "black hole"), and one inside a spherically symmetric body of constant density - work which led directly to modern research on black holes.
  Emil Fischer
 Born 9 Oct 1852; died 15 Jul 1919 at age 66.   quotes
German chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1902 in recognition of his investigations of the sugar and purine groups of substances. He determined the structures of uric acid, xanthine, caffeine, theobromine, and other related compounds, and showed they are all derivatives of a single compound, a nitrogenous base that he named purine. His study of sugars led him to investigate the reactions and substances involved in fermentation, leading to his investigations of how enzymes break down sugars. Thus, Fischer laid the foundations for enzyme chemistry. During WW I Fischer was responsible for organizing the production of chemicals in Germany. He committed suicide in 1919, after two of his sons had been killed in the war.
  Eugen Langen
 Born 9 Oct 1833; died 2 Oct 1895 at age 61.
German engineer who pioneered in building internal-combustion engines. In 1866 Eugen Langen, who owned a a sugar refining company, financed Nikolaus August Otto (1832-91), developed a more efficient gas engine. The Otto & Langen company produced stationary gas engines (usually powered by coal gas). Otto went on to build, in 1876, the prototype of the so-called Otto-cycle engines used in most modern automobiles, fueled primarily with gasoline, alcohol or benzene. Langen also devised the Wuppertaler suspension railway which opened in 1901. His Schwebebahn (swinging railway) has operated successfully along the Wupper river for almost 100 years. It has survived two world wars and continues to operate profitably and safely today.
  Auguste-Arthur de La Rive
 Born 9 Oct 1801; died 27 Nov 1873 at age 72.
Swiss physicist who was one of the founders of the electrochemical theory of batteries. He began experimenting with the voltaic cell (1836) and supported the idea of Michael Faraday that the electricity was the result of chemical reactions in the cell. He invented a prize-winning electroplating method to apply gold onto brass and silver. He determined the specific heat of various gases, examined the temperature of the Earth's crust, and made ozone from electrical discharge through oxygen gas. He was a contemporary of Faraday, Ampere and Oersted, with whom he exchanged correspondance on electricity.Image: As a demonstration to explain the rotatory movements observed at the time of the aurorae boreales by the influence of the terrestrial magnetism, De La Rive assembled an apparatus using an egg-shaped evacuated glass chamber on an electromagnet.
  Pierre-Joseph Macquer
 Born 9 Oct 1718; died 15 Feb 1784 at age 65.   quotes
French chemist who wrote the two-volume <i>Dictionnaire de Chymie</i> (1766), the first dictionary of theoretical and general chemistry. He chose to remain anonymous for the first edition as he thought his commission had caused him to write it too hastily, and it was not up to the standard he wanted. However, it was a great success, with reprintings and a revised new edition. Macquer extended Geoffroy’s concept of chemical affinity, and discovered potassium arsenate. He studied Prussian blue (an insoluble artists’ pigment), and devised a new method of dyeing with it, and also decomposed to yield a new acid. Later it was named (by others) as Prussic acid, and identified as hydrogen cyanide.«
  Johann Andreas von Segner
 Born 9 Oct 1704; died 5 Oct 1777 at age 72.
German physicist and mathematician who recognized the surface tension of liquids. He discovered that every solid body has 3 axes of symmetry. He used Daniel Bernoulli's theoretical work on the “reaction effect” to produce a horizontal waterwheel the same principle which drives a modern lawn sprinkler, which influenced Euler to work on turbines. In 1751 Segner introduced the concept of the surface tension of liquids, likening it to a stretched membrane. His view that minute and imperceptible attractive forces maintain surface tension laid the foundation for the subsequent development of surface tension theory. He made an unsuccessful attempt to give a mathematical description of capillary action.


Nature bears long with those who wrong her. She is patient under abuse. But when abuse has gone too far, when the time of reckoning finally comes, she is equally slow to be appeased and to turn away her wrath. (1882) -- Nathaniel Egleston, who was writing then about deforestation, but speaks equally well about the danger of climate change today.
Carl Sagan Thumbnail Carl Sagan: In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again. They really do it. It doesn't happen as often as it should, because scientists are human and change is sometimes painful. But it happens every day. I cannot recall the last time something like that happened in politics or religion. (1987) ...(more by Sagan)

Albert Einstein: I used to wonder how it comes about that the electron is negative. Negative-positive—these are perfectly symmetric in physics. There is no reason whatever to prefer one to the other. Then why is the electron negative? I thought about this for a long time and at last all I could think was “It won the fight!” ...(more by Einstein)

Richard Feynman: It is the facts that matter, not the proofs. Physics can progress without the proofs, but we can't go on without the facts ... if the facts are right, then the proofs are a matter of playing around with the algebra correctly. ...(more by Feynman)
Quotations by:Albert EinsteinIsaac NewtonLord KelvinCharles DarwinSrinivasa RamanujanCarl SaganFlorence NightingaleThomas EdisonAristotleMarie CurieBenjamin FranklinWinston ChurchillGalileo GalileiSigmund FreudRobert BunsenLouis PasteurTheodore RooseveltAbraham LincolnRonald ReaganLeonardo DaVinciMichio KakuKarl PopperJohann GoetheRobert OppenheimerCharles Kettering  ... (more people)

Quotations about:Atomic  BombBiologyChemistryDeforestationEngineeringAnatomyAstronomyBacteriaBiochemistryBotanyConservationDinosaurEnvironmentFractalGeneticsGeologyHistory of ScienceInventionJupiterKnowledgeLoveMathematicsMeasurementMedicineNatural ResourceOrganic ChemistryPhysicsPhysicianQuantum TheoryResearchScience and ArtTeacherTechnologyUniverseVolcanoVirusWind PowerWomen ScientistsX-RaysYouthZoology  ... (more topics)
OCTOBER 9 – DEATHS – Scientists died on October 9th
  Raymond Noorda
 Died 9 Oct 2006 at age 82 (born 19 Jun 1924).
American electrical engineer, known as "the father of computer networking" because he was primarily responsible for making widespread the business use of networked personal computers (PC's). He did not invent the local area network (LAN) by which computers share files and printers through interlinked nodes. However, as chief executive of Novell Inc (1983-94), his organization and marketing turned the company's NetWare brand software into the first major PC network operating system. It linked even previously incompatible computers, whether IBM-compatible, Apple or Unix. To establish standardization in the industry, he believed in working with competitors, for which he coined the term "co-opetition."«
  Robert Hingson
Thumbnail - Robert Hingson
 Died 9 Oct 1996 at age 83 (born 13 Apr 1913).
American anesthesiologist and inventor known for three major inventions that continue to relieve pain and suffering worldwide today. One is a very portable respirator anesthesia gas machine and resuscitator, called the Western Reserve Midget, used to deliver a short-term, general anesthetic A second came from extensive experiments in the use of anesthesia to prevent pain during childbirth, leading to the invention of the continuous caudal anesthesia techniques. Best known is his "peace gun," a pistol-shaped jet injector that enabled efficient, mass, needle-less inoculation worldwide against such diseases as small pox, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, leprosy, polio and influenza. It can inoculate 1,000 persons per hour with several simultaneous vaccines.
  Felix Wankel
 Died 9 Oct 1988 at age 86 (born 13 Aug 1902).
German engineer who invented the first rotary internal combustion engine. His first job (1921-4), was with a scientific book publisher, but Wankel preferred tinkering. In 1924, he opened his own workshop and conceived the idea of a rotary engine. By 1927 he had drawn up the shape of his rotary piston engine. Although he received his first patent in 1929 (DRP 507,584), it was Feb 1957 before the first truly functional Wankel rotary engine was ready. Instead of moving pistons, the Wankel engine uses an orbiting rotor shaped as a curved equilateral triangle. Thus it needs few moving parts, is lightweight and compact. He stayed active throughout his life, filing a patent in 1987, a year before his death.«
Wankel Rotary Engine: A History, by John B. Hege. - book suggestion.
  William P. Murphy
 Died 9 Oct 1987 at age 95 (born 6 Feb 1892).
American physician who with George R. Minot in 1926 reported success in the treatment of pernicious anemia with a liver diet. The two men shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George H. Whipple, whose research they had built upon. Anaemia is seen as a loss of red blood corpuscles, effectively a dilution of the blood. With the liver diet, it became clear that anemia was not (as then supposed) due to the presence of a supposed poisonous substance, but rather to the absence of a substance needed to produce red blood corpuscles. Such a substance must be present in liver, since the patient's condition became normal when liver was supplied as a food. Thus these researchers had discovered a new function of the liver.
  Anna Freud
 Died 9 Oct 1982 at age 86 (born 3 Dec 1895).
Austrian psychoanalyst, who was Sigmund Freud's daughter. As a founder of child psychoanalysis, she was one of its foremost practitioners. She also made fundamental contributions to understanding how the ego, or consciousness, functions in averting painful ideas, impulses, and feelings. Important in her own right, but diverging from her father in emphasizing the role of the ego (as opposed to id forces) in psychological functioning. Her book The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense (1936) laid the groundwork for ego psychology. She was one of the first psychoanalysts to work primarily with children.
  Gordon Allport
 Died 9 Oct 1967 at age 69 (born 11 Nov 1897).   quotes
Gordon Willard Allport was an American humanistic psychologist and educator who developed trait theory in an original theory of personality. Allport thought the uniqueness of each personality was one of the most important things to understand. Part of this uniqueness is due to the many, many parts of our personality. He and many other psychologists considered reflexes, habits, drives or needs, beliefs, our particular view of our environment, goals or intentions, values, attitudes, and traits as being the kind of factors that determine what we do. Thus, “personality” becomes very complex. Unlike Sigmund Freud, he did not see us as slavishly controlled by innate or external factors because humans have the ability to make conscious choices about how to behave.
  Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
 Died 9 Oct 1967 at age 70 (born 19 Jun 1897).   quotes
English physical chemist who worked on reaction rates and reaction mechanisms, particularly that of the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to form water, one of the most fundamental combining reactions in chemistry. For this work he shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Soviet scientist Nikolay Semyonov. Other important chain reactions are the combustion of carbon monoxide and of hydrocarbons. When it seemed that almost all reactions were chain reactions, one might believe the simpler mechanisms previously thought of were exceptions. But Hinshelwood found substances which could simultaneously react in two ways, one part reacting by a chain mechanism and at the same time the rest reacting in the old-fashioned way.
  Sir Henry Tizard
 Died 9 Oct 1959 at age 74 (born 23 Aug 1885).   quotes
English chemist, inventor and administrator. Around 1920, with David Pye, his work on aircraft fuels ultimately led to the octane rating system, which expresses the anti-knocking characteristics of the fuel. In the 1930-40s he advised the British government in the scientific aspects of air defence, particularly radar. He led a mission of leading British and Canadian scientists to the USA (29 Aug 1940) to brief official American representatives on devices under active development for war use and to enlist the support of American scientists. Thus began a close cooperation of Anglo-American scientists in such fields as aeronautics and rocketry. His influence probably made the difference between defeat or victory at the Battle of Britain in 1940.
  Leonor Michaelis
 Died 9 Oct 1949 at age 74 (born 16 Jan 1875).
German-American chemist.
  Pieter Zeeman
 Died 9 Oct 1943 at age 78 (born 25 May 1865).   quotes
Dutch physicist who was an authority on magneto-optics. In 1896, he discovered the "Zeeman effect," the "phenomena produced in spectroscopy by the splitting up of spectral lines in a magnetic field." He shared (with Hendrik A. Lorentz) the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1902 for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.
  Karl von Goebel
 Died 9 Oct 1932 at age 77 (born 8 Mar 1855).
Karl (Immanuel Eberhard) von Goebel was a German botanist whose Organographie der Pflanzen (1898-1901; Organography of Plants, 1900-05) clarified the principles of the science of plant morphology in relation to form and structure.
  Joseph Farwell Glidden
Thumbnail -
 Died 9 Oct 1906 at age 93 (born 18 Jan 1813).
American inventor who was an Illinois farmer when he developed the design of the first commercial barbed wire, patented 24 Nov 1874, a product that would transform the West. Before this innovation, settlers on the treeless plains had no easy way to fence livestock away from cropland, and ranchers had no way to prevent their herds from roaming far and wide. Glidden's barbed wire opened the plains to large-scale farming, and closed the open range, bringing the era of the cowboy and the round-up to an end. With his partner, Isaac L. Ellwood, Glidden formed the Barb Fence Company of De Kalb, Illinois, and quickly became one of the wealthiest men in the nation.[Image right: detail from patent application diagram. source]
Barbs, Prongs, Points, Prickers, and Stickers... Barbed Wire, by Robert T. Clifton. - book suggestion.
  Benjamin Banneker
 Died 9 Oct 1806 at age 74 (born 9 Nov 1731).   quotes
Black-American astronomer, inventor and mathematician, compiler of almanacs and one of the first important black American intellectuals who was the self-educated son of a freed slave. He was the first to record the arrival of the "seventeen-year locusts" or periodical cicadas. In 1753, Banneker built a wooden clock that kept accurate time even though he had only previously seen a sundial and a pocket watch. He calculated the clock's gear ratios and carved them with a pocket knife. In 1789, he successfully predicted an eclipse. He helped survey the site of Washington D.C. (1791-3). Banneker was also an early antislavery publicist who worked to improve the lot of black people in the U.S.«[Note: some sources give date of death as 25 Oct 1806]   more
The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science, by Silvio A. Bedini. - book suggestion.
  Richard Blackmore
 Died 9 Oct 1729 at age 75 (born 22 Jan 1654).   quotes
English physician and writer.
  Claude Perrault
Thumbnail -
 Died 9 Oct 1688 at age 75 (born 25 Sep 1613).   quotes
French architect, physician and physicist who was the architect of the oldest building of the Paris Observatory when it was funded in 1667 by King Louis XIV. Its centre line defined the meridian line of Paris (from 1667 to 1884 when France then adopted the international meridian line which passes through Greenwich close to London). Perrault presented a memoir to the Académie concerning a pendulum clock driven by water, some time before 1669 when he wrote to Christiaan Huygens on the subject of a hydraulic pendulum clock.. In 1673, he translated the Ten Books of Architecture by the Roman architect Vitruvius.[Image right: (source)]
  Gabriel Fallopius
 Died 9 Oct 1562 (born 1523).
Italian anatomist who was first educated for the church and became a canon, but later studied and became a teacher of medicine. He made many careful dissection of human bodies, including, fetuses, babies and young children. He discovered the oviducts known by his name as the Fallopian tubes between the ovaries and the uterus. He coined other terms describing female reproductive anatomy: ovarium tubes, vagina, clitoris, placenta; as well as palate and cochlea. He is also noted for his work describing the semi-circular canals of the inner ear. He contributed to knowledge of the primary and secondary centres of ossification, the anatomy of the kidney and bladder,  the stages of dentition. (a.k.a. Gabriele Falloppio.)«
  Robert Grosseteste
 Died 9 Oct 1253 (born c. 1168).   quotes
English scholar.

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OCTOBER 9 – EVENTS – Science events on October 9th
  Meteorite
  In 1992, a great meteor, seen from Kentucky to New York, was observed at 7:50 pm EDT. It landed as a stone (chondrite, Olivine-Bronzite, H6, brecciated) meteorite. Its 12.37 kg mass crashed onto the Chevrolet Malibou car of Michelle Knapp (age 18), of Wells Street, Peekskill, NY. The fireball was first seen over West Virginia and traveled about 700 km NE, before smashing into the parked car with a velocity of about 80 m/s. It is only the 4th recovered meteorite for which detailed data exist on its trajectory. Dark flight began about 30 km high, when the velocity dropped below 3 km/s and it continued an additional 50 km without ablation. Since getting hit by the meteorite, the car has toured Germany, Switzerland, Japan, France and the US.
  Sakharov Nobel Prize
  In 1975, Andrei Sakharov, often called father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, became the first Soviet citizen to win the Nobel Peace Prize for his work as an outspoken dissident to the Soviet regime. In 1957 his concern with the radioactive hazards of nuclear testing inspired him to write a pioneering article on the effects of low-level radiation. This might be considered his first step towards dissent. The Nobel Committee citation called him “the conscience of mankind” saying he “has fought not only against the abuse of power and violations of human dignity in all its forms, but has in equal vigor fought for the ideal of a state founded on the principle of justice for all.” The Soviet authorities denied him permission to go to Norway to receive his award.
  Hydrocephalus shunt
  In 1956, a successful new silicone valve to drain "water on the brain" in cases of hydrocephalus, was reported by Dr. Eugene B. Spitz at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting in New York City. John Holter, an engineer, invented the shunt using a silicone one-way, pressure-sealing valve which avoided the clogging problems experienced with the earlier metal valves previously tried by surgeons Spitz and Nulsen. The shunt drained fluid and controlled cranial pressure. In the 8 months since the first installation in Feb 1956, the Holter valve was implanted in 68 cases of which 57 were successful in decompressing the brain. Previous means had a success rate of only 16 out of 122 cases. The device has since saved many thousands of lives.«
  Electric blanket
  In 1946, the Simmons Company of Petersburg, Va., manufactured the first electric blanket. Its price was $39.50. The temperature was regulated by an "electronic" thermostatic control.
  Altimeter
  In 1938, the radio altimeter was first demonstrated in New York by Bell Labs, in the first public display of the device that gives pilots the height of an aircraft above the local terrain by bouncing radio signals off the ground to give a reliable altitude reading, thus changing aviation forever.
  Hoover Dam online
  In 1936, the first generator at Boulder (later Hoover) Dam began transmitting electricity to Los Angeles. From 1939 to 1949, Hoover Powerplant was the world's largest hydroelectric installation; with an installed capacity of 2.08 million kilowatts, it is still one of the country's largest. There are 17 main turbines in Hoover Powerplant. The original turbines were all replaced through an uprating program between 1986 and 1993. With a rated capacity of 2,991,000 horsepower, and two station-service units rated at 3,500 horsepower each, for a plant total of 2,998,000 horsepower. The plant has a total nameplate capacity of 2,074,000 kilowatts, and generates more than 4 billion kilowatt-hours a year - enough to serve 1.3 million people.
  Meteor shower
  In 1933, a great unpredicted meteor shower was seen from Europe that surprised astronomers. Dr. W.J. Fisher, a Harvard astronomer, identified the Giacobini-Zinner comet as the cause. This minor periodic comet was only sparsely the cause of meteors in the past, and would otherwise be little noticed by the astronomical observers. A hundred "shooting stars" a minute were reported from the Soviet observatory at Pulkovo, near Leningrad. Though short-lived, this exceeded in brilliance the showers of 1833 and 1866, Lasting only a few hours, its maximum came at about 20:00 GMT. It was regarded as one of the major meteoric displays of history, resulting from stray fragments of comet burning up in Earth's upper atmosphere.
  First flight
Thumbnail - First flight
Eole-3
(source)
  In 1890, it is reported, however without evidence, French electrical engineer Clément Ader was the first person to actually fly an airplane, but his steam-powered bat-like plane, "Eole", only rose a few inches off the ground. (It was not a sustained flight like the Wright Brothers later flight.) Ader's 50 meter flight was cut short, said eye witnesses, by trees at the end of the field. The plane's design flaw didn't show up in that minimal flight - Ader hadn't provided adequate control. He coined the french word "avion" for aircraft. It is said to mean Appareil Volant Imitant les Oisaux Naturels: Flying Machine Imitating Natural Birds. At the Paris Electrical Exhibition (1881), Ader showed a closed-circuit stereo audio system to a listening booth.
  Telephone
Thumbnail - Telephone
  In 1876, the first two-way telephone conversation occurred over outdoor wires. Alexander Graham Bell had a two-way conversation with Thomas Watson over the telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge. Three days earlier in Boston, 6 Oct 1876, Bell's two-way telephone test of conversation with Watson had been the world's first two-way telephone conversation.
  Oil pipeline
Thumbnail - Oil pipeline
  In 1865, the first underground oil pipeline was laid between Oil Creek and Pithole, Pa. Samuel Van Syckel, who came to the creek in 1864 with some money hoping to make more, had handled quantities of oil produced at Pithole, several miles from a shipping point, only to see his profits eaten up by the tyranny of teamsters. With determination, he built a mostly buried, two-inch pipeline with three relay pumps, 5.5 miles between the wells and the railroad. Carrying eighty barrels of oil an hour, the day that the Van Syckel pipe-line began to run oil, a revolution began in the business. The teamsters turned out in fury, digging up and cutting the pipe so that the oil would be lost. It was only by stationing an armed guard that they were held in check.[Image: Oil Creek, Pa., 1865]
  Calliope patent
  In 1855, Joshua C. Stoddard of Worcester, Massachusetts, received a patent for his calliope. The first instrument consisted of 15 whistles, of graduated sizes, attached in a row to the top of a small steam boiler. A long cylinder with pins of different shapes driven into it ran the length of the boiler. The pins were so arranged that when the cylinder revolved, they pressed the valves and blew the whistles in proper sequence. The different shapes enabled the operator to play notes of varying length. Later, Stoddard replaced the cylinder with a keyboard. Wires running from the keys to the valves enabled the operator to play the instrument like a piano. He patented a successful hay rake in 1879 and a fire escape in 1884. He died on April 4, 1902.
  Sewing machine motor
  In 1855, the first U.S. patent was issued for a sewing machine motor to Isaac Merritt Singer of New York City. It covered a spring and cone pulley device. (No. 13,661)
  First U.S. eclipse expedition begins travel
Thumbnail - First U.S. eclipse expedition begins travel
  In 1780, the first U.S. astronomy expedition to record an eclipse of the sun left on this day from Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., for Penobscot Bay, led by Samuel Williams. A boat was supplied by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with four professors and six students. Although the country was at war with Britain, the British officer in charge of Penobscot Bay permitted the expedition to land and observe the eclipse of 27 Oct 1780. The eclipse began at 11:11 am and ended at 1:50 pm. They set up equipment to observe the predicted total eclipse of the sun. A solar eclipse occurred, but the expedition was shocked to find itself outside the path of totality. They saw a thin arc of the sun instead of its complete obscuration by the moon.   more
  Keplers Supernova
  In 1604, Johannes Kepler and other observers saw the appearance of a “new” star in the constellation of Ophiuchus in the western sky, rivaling the brilliance of the nearby planets.

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- 100 -
Sophie Germain
Gertrude Elion
Ernest Rutherford
James Chadwick
Marcel Proust
William Harvey
Johann Goethe
John Keynes
Carl Gauss
Paul Feyerabend
- 90 -
Antoine Lavoisier
Lise Meitner
Charles Babbage
Ibn Khaldun
Euclid
Ralph Emerson
Robert Bunsen
Frederick Banting
Andre Ampere
Winston Churchill
- 80 -
John Locke
Bronislaw Malinowski
Bible
Thomas Huxley
Alessandro Volta
Erwin Schrodinger
Wilhelm Roentgen
Louis Pasteur
Bertrand Russell
Jean Lamarck
- 70 -
Samuel Morse
John Wheeler
Nicolaus Copernicus
Robert Fulton
Pierre Laplace
Humphry Davy
Thomas Edison
Lord Kelvin
Theodore Roosevelt
Carolus Linnaeus
- 60 -
Francis Galton
Linus Pauling
Immanuel Kant
Martin Fischer
Robert Boyle
Karl Popper
Paul Dirac
Avicenna
James Watson
William Shakespeare
- 50 -
Stephen Hawking
Niels Bohr
Nikola Tesla
Rachel Carson
Max Planck
Henry Adams
Richard Dawkins
Werner Heisenberg
Alfred Wegener
John Dalton
- 40 -
Pierre Fermat
Edward Wilson
Johannes Kepler
Gustave Eiffel
Giordano Bruno
JJ Thomson
Thomas Kuhn
Leonardo DaVinci
Archimedes
David Hume
- 30 -
Andreas Vesalius
Rudolf Virchow
Richard Feynman
James Hutton
Alexander Fleming
Emile Durkheim
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Oppenheimer
Robert Hooke
Charles Kettering
- 20 -
Carl Sagan
James Maxwell
Marie Curie
Rene Descartes
Francis Crick
Hippocrates
Michael Faraday
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Francis Bacon
Galileo Galilei
- 10 -
Aristotle
John Watson
Rosalind Franklin
Michio Kaku
Isaac Asimov
Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud
Albert Einstein
Florence Nightingale
Isaac Newton


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