TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY ®  •  TODAYINSCI ®
Celebrating 24 Years on the Web
Find science on or your birthday

Today in Science History - Quickie Quiz
Who said: “The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem it will avail us little to solve all others.”
more quiz questions >>
Home > Category Index for Science Quotations > Category Index D > Category: Dice

Dice Quotes (21 quotes)

Gott würfelt nicht.
God does not play dice.
Commonly seen paraphrase. Einstein expressed this idea at different times. See variations on this website on the Albert Einstein Quotes page.
Science quotes on:  |  God (776)  |  Play (116)

At the Egyptian city of Naucratis there was a famous old god whose name was Theuth; the bird which is called the Ibis was sacred to him, and he was the inventor of many arts, such as arithmetic and calculation and geometry and astronomy and draughts and dice, but his great discovery was the use of letters.
Plato
In the Phaedrus. Collected in Plato the Teacher (1897), 171. A footnote gives that Naucratis was a city in the Delta of Egypt, on a branch of the Nile.
Science quotes on:  |  Arithmetic (144)  |  Art (680)  |  Astronomy (251)  |  Bird (163)  |  Calculation (134)  |  Call (781)  |  City (87)  |  Discovery (837)  |  Egypt (31)  |  Geometry (271)  |  God (776)  |  Great (1610)  |  Inventor (79)  |  Letter (117)  |  Name (359)  |  Old (499)  |  Sacred (48)  |  Use (771)

By these pleasures it is permitted to relax the mind with play, in turmoils of the mind, or when our labors are light, or in great tension, or as a method of passing the time. A reliable witness is Cicero, when he says (De Oratore, 2): 'men who are accustomed to hard daily toil, when by reason of the weather they are kept from their work, betake themselves to playing with a ball, or with knucklebones or with dice, or they may also contrive for themselves some new game at their leisure.'
The Book of Games of Chance (1663), final sentences, trans. Sydney Henry Gould. In Oysten Ore, The Gambling Scholar (1953), 241.
Science quotes on:  |  Accustom (52)  |  Accustomed (46)  |  Ball (64)  |  Chance (244)  |  Contrive (10)  |  Daily (91)  |  Game (104)  |  Great (1610)  |  Hard (246)  |  Labor (200)  |  Leisure (25)  |  Light (635)  |  Method (531)  |  Mind (1377)  |  New (1273)  |  Passing (76)  |  Playing (42)  |  Pleasure (191)  |  Reason (766)  |  Say (989)  |  Tension (24)  |  Themselves (433)  |  Time (1911)  |  Toil (29)  |  Turmoil (8)  |  Weather (49)  |  Witness (57)  |  Work (1402)

Consideration of particle emission from black holes would seem to suggest that God not only plays dice, but also sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen.
'The Quantum Mechanics of Black Holes', Scientific American, 1977, 236, 40.
Science quotes on:  |  Black Hole (17)  |  Consideration (143)  |  God (776)  |  Nuclear Particle (2)  |  Particle (200)

Einstein never accepted quantum mechanics because of this element of chance and uncertainty. He said: God does not play dice. It seems that Einstein was doubly wrong. The quantum effects of black holes suggests that not only does God play dice, He sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen.
…...
Science quotes on:  |  Accept (198)  |  Black Hole (17)  |  Black Holes (4)  |  Chance (244)  |  Effect (414)  |  Einstein (101)  |  Element (322)  |  God (776)  |  Mechanic (120)  |  Mechanics (137)  |  Never (1089)  |  Play (116)  |  Quantum (118)  |  Quantum Mechanics (47)  |  Say (989)  |  See (1094)  |  Seem (150)  |  Sometimes (46)  |  Suggest (38)  |  Throw (45)  |  Uncertainty (58)  |  Wrong (246)

Einstein was wrong when he said, 'God does not play dice'. Consideration of black holes suggests, not only that God does play dice, but that he sometimes confuses us by throwing them where they can't be seen.
In The Nature Of Space And Time (1996, 2010), 26.
Science quotes on:  |  Black Hole (17)  |  Confusion (61)  |  Consideration (143)  |  Einstein (101)  |  Albert Einstein (624)  |  God (776)  |  Play (116)  |  Seeing (143)  |  Suggestion (49)  |  Throw (45)  |  Throwing (17)  |  Wrong (246)

God not only plays dice. He also sometimes throws the dice where they cannot be seen.
In 'News and Views: The Breakdown of Physics?', Nature (2 Oct 1975), 257, 362. [A reference to Albert Einstein’s earlier quote on dice].
Science quotes on:  |  God (776)  |  Play (116)  |  See (1094)  |  Sometimes (46)  |  Throw (45)

God plays dice with the universe, but they’re loaded dice. And the main objective of physics now is to find out by what rules were they loaded and how can we use them for our own ends.
Quoted in James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (1987), 314.
Science quotes on:  |  End (603)  |  Find (1014)  |  Find Out (25)  |  God (776)  |  Load (12)  |  Main (29)  |  Objective (96)  |  Physic (515)  |  Physics (564)  |  Play (116)  |  Rule (307)  |  Universe (900)  |  Use (771)

I like a deep and difficult investigation when I happen to have made it easy to myself, if not to all others; and there is a spirit of gambling in this, whether, as by the cast of a die, a calculation è perte de vue shall bring out a beautiful and perfect result or shall be wholly thrown away. Scientific investigations are a sort of warfare carried on in the closet or on the couch against all one's contemporaries and predecessors; I have often gained a signal victory when I have been half asleep, but more frequently have found, upon being thoroughly awake, that the enemy had still the advantage of me, when I thought I had him fast in a corner, and all this you see keeps me alive.
Letter to Hudson Gurney, quoted in George Peacock, The Life of Thomas Young (1855), 239.
Science quotes on:  |  Advantage (144)  |  Against (332)  |  Alive (97)  |  Asleep (4)  |  Awake (19)  |  Beautiful (271)  |  Beauty (313)  |  Being (1276)  |  Calculation (134)  |  Cast (69)  |  Contemporary (33)  |  Corner (59)  |  Couch (2)  |  Deep (241)  |  Difficult (263)  |  Easy (213)  |  Enemy (86)  |  Gain (146)  |  Happen (282)  |  Investigation (250)  |  More (2558)  |  Myself (211)  |  Other (2233)  |  Perfect (223)  |  Perfection (131)  |  Predecessor (29)  |  Result (700)  |  Scientific (955)  |  See (1094)  |  Signal (29)  |  Spirit (278)  |  Still (614)  |  Thoroughly (67)  |  Thought (995)  |  Throw Away (4)  |  Victory (40)  |  Warfare (12)  |  Wholly (88)

If the world may be thought of as a certain definite quantity of force and as a certain definite number of centers of force—and every other representation remains indefinite and therefore useless—it follows that, in the great dice game of existence, it must pass through calculable number of combinations. In infinite time, every possible combination would at some time or another be realized; more: it would be realized an infinite number of times. And since between every combination and its next recurrence all other possible combinations would have to take place, and each of these combination conditions of the entire sequence of combinations in the same series, a circular movement of absolutely identical series is thus demonstrated: the world as a circular movement that has already repeated itself infinitely often and plays its game in infinitum. This conception is not simply a mechanistic conception; for if it were that, it would not condition an infinite recurrence of identical cases, but a final state. Because the world has not reached this, mechanistic theory must be considered an imperfect and merely provisional hypothesis.
The Will to Power (Notes written 1883-1888), book 4, no. 1066. Trans. W. Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale and ed. W. Kaufmann (1968), 549.
Science quotes on:  |  Already (226)  |  Calculation (134)  |  Certain (557)  |  Circular (19)  |  Combination (150)  |  Conception (160)  |  Condition (362)  |  Consider (428)  |  Definite (114)  |  Existence (481)  |  Final (121)  |  Follow (389)  |  Force (497)  |  Game (104)  |  Great (1610)  |  Hypothesis (314)  |  Identical (55)  |  Imperfect (46)  |  Indefinite (21)  |  Infinite (243)  |  Merely (315)  |  More (2558)  |  Movement (162)  |  Must (1525)  |  Next (238)  |  Number (710)  |  Other (2233)  |  Pass (241)  |  Possible (560)  |  Provisional (7)  |  Quantity (136)  |  Reach (286)  |  Remain (355)  |  Representation (55)  |  Sequence (68)  |  Series (153)  |  State (505)  |  Theory (1015)  |  Thought (995)  |  Through (846)  |  Time (1911)  |  Useless (38)  |  World (1850)

It is hard to sneak a look at God’s cards. But that he would choose to play dice with the world … is something I cannot believe for a single moment.
On quantum theory. In Letter (21 Mar 1942) to his student-colleague, Cornel Lanczos. In Yale Book of Quotations (2006), 229. Also seen paraphrased as, “I cannot believe that God would choose to play dice with the universe.”
Science quotes on:  |  Belief (615)  |  Choose (116)  |  God (776)  |  Hard (246)  |  Look (584)  |  Moment (260)  |  Play (116)  |  Single (365)  |  Something (718)  |  Universe (900)  |  World (1850)

Neither in the subjective nor in the objective world can we find a criterion for the reality of the number concept, because the first contains no such concept, and the second contains nothing that is free from the concept. How then can we arrive at a criterion? Not by evidence, for the dice of evidence are loaded. Not by logic, for logic has no existence independent of mathematics: it is only one phase of this multiplied necessity that we call mathematics.
How then shall mathematical concepts be judged? They shall not be judged. Mathematics is the supreme arbiter. From its decisions there is no appeal. We cannot change the rules of the game, we cannot ascertain whether the game is fair. We can only study the player at his game; not, however, with the detached attitude of a bystander, for we are watching our own minds at play.
In Number: The Language of Science; a Critical Survey Written for the Cultured Non-Mathematician (1937), 244-245.
Science quotes on:  |  Appeal (46)  |  Arbiter (5)  |  Arrive (40)  |  Ascertain (41)  |  Attitude (84)  |  Call (781)  |  Change (639)  |  Concept (242)  |  Contain (68)  |  Criterion (28)  |  Decision (98)  |  Detach (5)  |  Evidence (267)  |  Existence (481)  |  Fair (16)  |  Find (1014)  |  First (1302)  |  Free (239)  |  Game (104)  |  Independent (74)  |  Judge (114)  |  Loaded (4)  |  Logic (311)  |  Mathematics (1395)  |  Mind (1377)  |  Necessity (197)  |  Nothing (1000)  |  Number (710)  |  Objective (96)  |  Phase (37)  |  Play (116)  |  Player (9)  |  Reality (274)  |  Rule (307)  |  Study (701)  |  Subjective (20)  |  Supreme (73)  |  Watch (118)  |  World (1850)

Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me that this is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not bring us any closer to the secrets of the “Old One.” I, at any rate, am convinced that He is not playing at dice.
Letter to Max Born (4 Dec 1926). Collected in The Born-Einstein Letters: Correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916-1955 (1971), 91. Also seen as “God does not play dice [with the universe].”
Science quotes on:  |  Certainly (185)  |  Closer (43)  |  God (776)  |  Inner (72)  |  Lot (151)  |  Mechanic (120)  |  Mechanics (137)  |  Old (499)  |  Playing (42)  |  Quantum (118)  |  Quantum Mechanics (47)  |  Quantum Physics (19)  |  Say (989)  |  Secret (216)  |  Tell (344)  |  Theory (1015)  |  Thing (1914)

Quantum mechanics is very imposing. … I, at any rate, am convinced that He [God] is not playing at dice.
In letter (4 Dec 1926) to Max Born. From the original German, “Die Quantenmechanik ist sehr achtung-gebietend. … Jedenfalls bin ich überzeugt, daß der nicht würfelt.” English version as in Albert Einstein, Max Born, Hedwig Born and Irene Born (trans.), The Born-Einstein Letters (1971).
Science quotes on:  |  Convinced (23)  |  God (776)  |  Impressive (27)  |  Mechanic (120)  |  Mechanics (137)  |  Play (116)  |  Playing (42)  |  Probability (135)  |  Quantum (118)  |  Quantum Mechanics (47)

The dice of God are always loaded.
[A fragment from a lost play of Sophocles, “Ever the dice of Zeus fall well.”]
A colloquial translation, presumably ironic, from the original Greek phrase (preceding it), as given in 'Compensation', collected in The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1903), 102. The more literal translation of the original Greek is discussed in the added Notes section by Joseph Slater in The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson: First Series, Essays (1979), 234. Fragment translation from Paul Shorey, 'The Influence of Classics on American Literature', The Chautauquan (1906), 43, 129.
Science quotes on:  |  Always (7)  |  Chance (244)  |  Fall (243)  |  Fragment (58)  |  God (776)  |  Loaded (4)  |  Luck (44)  |  Sophocles (9)  |  Zeus (6)

The first steps in Agriculture, Astronomy, Zoology, (those first steps which the farmer, the hunter, and the sailor take,) teach that nature's dice are always loaded; that in her heaps and rubbish are concealed sure and useful results.
In Nature (1849), 36.
Science quotes on:  |  Agriculture (78)  |  Astronomy (251)  |  Concealed (25)  |  Concealment (10)  |  Farmer (35)  |  First (1302)  |  Heap (15)  |  Hunter (28)  |  Loaded (4)  |  Nature (2017)  |  Result (700)  |  Rubbish (12)  |  Sailor (21)  |  Step (234)  |  Teach (299)  |  Teaching (190)  |  Useful (260)  |  Zoology (38)

The picture of scientific method drafted by modern philosophy is very different from traditional conceptions. Gone is the ideal of a universe whose course follows strict rules, a predetermined cosmos that unwinds itself like an unwinding clock. Gone is the ideal of the scientist who knows the absolute truth. The happenings of nature are like rolling dice rather than like revolving stars; they are controlled by probability laws, not by causality, and the scientist resembles a gambler more than a prophet. He can tell you only his best posits—he never knows beforehand whether they will come true. He is a better gambler, though, than the man at the green table, because his statistical methods are superior. And his goal is staked higher—the goal of foretelling the rolling dice of the cosmos. If he is asked why he follows his methods, with what title he makes his predictions, he cannot answer that he has an irrefutable knowledge of the future; he can only lay his best bets. But he can prove that they are best bets, that making them is the best he can do—and if a man does his best, what else can you ask of him?
The Rise of Scientific Philosophy (1951, 1973), 248-9. Collected in James Louis Jarrett and Sterling M. McMurrin (eds.), Contemporary Philosophy: A Book of Readings (1954), 376.
Science quotes on:  |  Absolute (153)  |  Absoluteness (4)  |  Answer (389)  |  Ask (420)  |  Asking (74)  |  Best (467)  |  Bet (13)  |  Better (493)  |  Causality (11)  |  Clock (51)  |  Conception (160)  |  Cosmos (64)  |  Course (413)  |  Difference (355)  |  Different (595)  |  Do (1905)  |  Draft (6)  |  Follow (389)  |  Foretelling (4)  |  Future (467)  |  Gambler (7)  |  Goal (155)  |  Green (65)  |  Happening (59)  |  Ideal (110)  |  Irrefutable (5)  |  Know (1538)  |  Knowledge (1647)  |  Law (913)  |  Making (300)  |  Man (2252)  |  Method (531)  |  Modern (402)  |  More (2558)  |  Nature (2017)  |  Never (1089)  |  Philosophy (409)  |  Picture (148)  |  Posit (2)  |  Prediction (89)  |  Probability (135)  |  Proof (304)  |  Prophet (22)  |  Prove (261)  |  Resemble (65)  |  Roll (41)  |  Rule (307)  |  Scientific (955)  |  Scientific Method (200)  |  Scientist (881)  |  Stake (20)  |  Star (460)  |  Stars (304)  |  Statistics (170)  |  Superior (88)  |  Superiority (19)  |  Table (105)  |  Tell (344)  |  Tradition (76)  |  Truth (1109)  |  Universe (900)  |  Why (491)  |  Will (2350)

These duplicates in those parts of the body, without which a man might have very well subsisted, though not so well as with them, are a plain demonstration of an all-wise Contriver, as those more numerous copyings which are found among the vessels of the same body are evident demonstrations that they could not be the work of chance. This argument receives additional strength if we apply it to every animal and insect within our knowledge, as well as to those numberless living creatures that are objects too minute for a human eye: and if we consider how the several species in this whole world of life resemble one another in very many particulars, so far as is convenient for their respective states of existence, it is much more probable that a hundred millions of dice should be casually thrown a hundred millions of times in the same number than that the body of any single animal should be produced by the fortuitous concourse of matter.
In The Spectator (22 Nov 1712), No. 543, as collected in Vol. 4 (1721, 10th ed.), 48.
Science quotes on:  |  Additional (6)  |  Animal (651)  |  Apply (170)  |  Argument (145)  |  Body (557)  |  Casually (2)  |  Chance (244)  |  Concourse (5)  |  Consider (428)  |  Contriver (2)  |  Creature (242)  |  Demonstration (120)  |  Duplicate (9)  |  Evident (92)  |  Evolution (635)  |  Existence (481)  |  Eye (440)  |  Fortuitous (11)  |  Human (1512)  |  Human Eye (2)  |  Hundred (240)  |  Insect (89)  |  Knowledge (1647)  |  Life (1870)  |  Live (650)  |  Living (492)  |  Man (2252)  |  Matter (821)  |  Million (124)  |  Minute (129)  |  More (2558)  |  Number (710)  |  Numerous (70)  |  Object (438)  |  Particular (80)  |  Probability (135)  |  Probable (24)  |  Produce (117)  |  Produced (187)  |  Receive (117)  |  Resemble (65)  |  Single (365)  |  Species (435)  |  State (505)  |  Strength (139)  |  Subsist (5)  |  Throw (45)  |  Time (1911)  |  Vessel (63)  |  Whole (756)  |  Whole World (29)  |  Wisdom (235)  |  Wise (143)  |  Work (1402)  |  World (1850)

Unlike any creature that lived before, humans have become a geophysical force, swiftly changing the atmosphere and climate as well as the composition of the world’s fauna and flora. … Darwin’s dice have rolled badly for Earth.
In 'Is Humanity Suicidal?', In Search of Nature (1996), 184.
Science quotes on:  |  Atmosphere (117)  |  Bad (185)  |  Badly (32)  |  Become (821)  |  Change (639)  |  Climate (102)  |  Composition (86)  |  Creature (242)  |  Charles Darwin (322)  |  Earth (1076)  |  Fauna (13)  |  Flora (9)  |  Force (497)  |  Geophysical (2)  |  Human (1512)  |  Roll (41)  |  Swiftly (5)  |  World (1850)

We believe in the possibility of a theory which is able to give a complete description of reality, the laws of which establish relations between the things themselves and not merely between their probabilities ... God does not play dice.
…...
Science quotes on:  |  Belief (615)  |  Complete (209)  |  Description (89)  |  Establish (63)  |  Give (208)  |  God (776)  |  Law (913)  |  Merely (315)  |  Play (116)  |  Possibility (172)  |  Probability (135)  |  Reality (274)  |  Relation (166)  |  Themselves (433)  |  Theory (1015)  |  Thing (1914)

You believe in the God who plays dice, and I in complete law and order in a world that objectively exists, and which I, in a wildly speculative way, am trying to capture. … Even the great initial success of the quantum theory does not make me believe in the fundamental dice-game, although I am well aware that our younger colleagues interpret this as a consequence of senility. No doubt the day will come when we will see whose instinctive attitude was the correct one.
Letter to Max Born (7 Sep 1944). In Born-Einstein Letters, 146. Einstein Archives 8-207. In Albert Einstein, Alice Calaprice, Freeman Dyson, The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (2011), 393-394. Often seen paraphrased as “I cannot believe that God plays dice with the cosmos.” Also see a related quote about God playing dice on the Stephen W. Hawking Quotes page of this website.
Science quotes on:  |  Attitude (84)  |  Belief (615)  |  Colleague (51)  |  Complete (209)  |  Completion (23)  |  Consequence (220)  |  Doubt (314)  |  Exist (458)  |  Existence (481)  |  Fundamental (264)  |  Game (104)  |  God (776)  |  Great (1610)  |  Law (913)  |  Objective (96)  |  Order (638)  |  Quantum (118)  |  Quantum Theory (67)  |  See (1094)  |  Senility (2)  |  Success (327)  |  Theory (1015)  |  Trying (144)  |  Way (1214)  |  Will (2350)  |  World (1850)  |  Younger (21)


Carl Sagan Thumbnail In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again. They really do it. It doesn't happen as often as it should, because scientists are human and change is sometimes painful. But it happens every day. I cannot recall the last time something like that happened in politics or religion. (1987) -- Carl Sagan
Quotations by:Albert EinsteinIsaac NewtonLord KelvinCharles DarwinSrinivasa RamanujanCarl SaganFlorence NightingaleThomas EdisonAristotleMarie CurieBenjamin FranklinWinston ChurchillGalileo GalileiSigmund FreudRobert BunsenLouis PasteurTheodore RooseveltAbraham LincolnRonald ReaganLeonardo DaVinciMichio KakuKarl PopperJohann GoetheRobert OppenheimerCharles Kettering  ... (more people)

Quotations about:Atomic  BombBiologyChemistryDeforestationEngineeringAnatomyAstronomyBacteriaBiochemistryBotanyConservationDinosaurEnvironmentFractalGeneticsGeologyHistory of ScienceInventionJupiterKnowledgeLoveMathematicsMeasurementMedicineNatural ResourceOrganic ChemistryPhysicsPhysicianQuantum TheoryResearchScience and ArtTeacherTechnologyUniverseVolcanoVirusWind PowerWomen ScientistsX-RaysYouthZoology  ... (more topics)
Sitewide search within all Today In Science History pages:
Visit our Science and Scientist Quotations index for more Science Quotes from archaeologists, biologists, chemists, geologists, inventors and inventions, mathematicians, physicists, pioneers in medicine, science events and technology.

Names index: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

Categories index: | 1 | 2 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Thank you for sharing.
- 100 -
Sophie Germain
Gertrude Elion
Ernest Rutherford
James Chadwick
Marcel Proust
William Harvey
Johann Goethe
John Keynes
Carl Gauss
Paul Feyerabend
- 90 -
Antoine Lavoisier
Lise Meitner
Charles Babbage
Ibn Khaldun
Euclid
Ralph Emerson
Robert Bunsen
Frederick Banting
Andre Ampere
Winston Churchill
- 80 -
John Locke
Bronislaw Malinowski
Bible
Thomas Huxley
Alessandro Volta
Erwin Schrodinger
Wilhelm Roentgen
Louis Pasteur
Bertrand Russell
Jean Lamarck
- 70 -
Samuel Morse
John Wheeler
Nicolaus Copernicus
Robert Fulton
Pierre Laplace
Humphry Davy
Thomas Edison
Lord Kelvin
Theodore Roosevelt
Carolus Linnaeus
- 60 -
Francis Galton
Linus Pauling
Immanuel Kant
Martin Fischer
Robert Boyle
Karl Popper
Paul Dirac
Avicenna
James Watson
William Shakespeare
- 50 -
Stephen Hawking
Niels Bohr
Nikola Tesla
Rachel Carson
Max Planck
Henry Adams
Richard Dawkins
Werner Heisenberg
Alfred Wegener
John Dalton
- 40 -
Pierre Fermat
Edward Wilson
Johannes Kepler
Gustave Eiffel
Giordano Bruno
JJ Thomson
Thomas Kuhn
Leonardo DaVinci
Archimedes
David Hume
- 30 -
Andreas Vesalius
Rudolf Virchow
Richard Feynman
James Hutton
Alexander Fleming
Emile Durkheim
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Oppenheimer
Robert Hooke
Charles Kettering
- 20 -
Carl Sagan
James Maxwell
Marie Curie
Rene Descartes
Francis Crick
Hippocrates
Michael Faraday
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Francis Bacon
Galileo Galilei
- 10 -
Aristotle
John Watson
Rosalind Franklin
Michio Kaku
Isaac Asimov
Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud
Albert Einstein
Florence Nightingale
Isaac Newton


by Ian Ellis
who invites your feedback
Thank you for sharing.
Today in Science History
Sign up for Newsletter
with quiz, quotes and more.